The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with? printing with moveable type
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press. 
How did the printing press work?  ink was rolled over the moveable hand set of black letters the pressed against a piece of paper

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books? his love of reading

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type? the woodcuts were not durable enough
Post an example of movable type in a type case. 
What is moveable type? system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a document

What is a matrix? hard metal hammered into softer copper bar, the placed in a mold and created to make all the letters more uniform

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press? oil based ink

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate? made form wood pulp originated in china

What is a "substrate"? 
What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?  John Just, Just sued Gutenberg and received all the printing materials 
What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book. The Bible

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication? perfected script and made it easier to read, faster and cheaper, current events could be spread easier, different languages of the same book could be made

Who introduced the printing press to England? William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers? news weekly

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called? The Boston News Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s? Cast Iron and steam powered
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"? papers

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process? Relief Printing
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?  ink is applied then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred? basic stencil process
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred? printing from a flat surface
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today? offset

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press? there are many different types of printing, and it is much more precise and detailed for each specific type

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK. partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. Such a model is called subtractive because inks "subtract" brightness from white.

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st Century AD

Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll? they allowed only for sequential usage, the reader must read the text in the order it was written.Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex? new ways to put together handwritten pages. covered and bound collection of handwritten pages; a book.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why? it was compact, sturdy, and easy of access.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"? one can go to any point in the book to find information. in a scroll, one must go all the way through it.

What were the advantages of using the codex? could be open flat at any page. easier to organize in libraries because you could write the name on the spine.

What helped spread the use of the codex? the rise of Christianity, the Bible utilized it,

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it? the codex, or a book. made from animal skin, hair, fat, skin was smoothed out, hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour, salt added, then skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried.

What is vellum? finer qualities of parchment. skins of young cows.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?digital books -- the kindle, the iPad.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration? the decline of the Roman Empire. The Dark AgesPost an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form? monks

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation? the borders, illustration and ornamentation in each text. Initials of chapters and paragraphs, paintings in margins, borders, and around text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts? quills

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes? the work was so laborious and hard. used during christian masses.

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important? the detail and neatness of each book. 

The Roman Alphabet | 7th Century BC

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet? variant of the greek alphabetWhat were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering? formal - documents informal - letters and quicker types of writing 

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?refined the art of handwriting

From where did serifs originate? the carving of words into stone in ancient Italy.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop? the romans

What is a ligature and why were they utilized? joining two characters together, ex: ttPost an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians? trade agreements

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor? it didn't only represent only consonants. they were adapted to represent vowels

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet? because it had vowel sounds and consonant sounds. it had sounds that could be used all around the world. quicker, more informal style for routine types of writing.

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets? they had letters for all the sounds not just some sounds. 
Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

The Phoenician Alphabet |1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle? one sign represents one spoken sound.

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them? angular and straight, right to left.

What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful? not as complicated and the trading culture of the Phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet.

What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet? its simplicity allowed it to be used in multiple languages and common people learned how to write. the characters were very simple.  

Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? Persians, Greeks, Romans
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples? carved painted images Hieroglyphics

Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language? cuneiform

What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements? Logographic is visual symbols representing ideas or objects, alphabetic is phonetic variations

The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words? heiro =sacred and glyphic=writing
someone who copies documents
Who else was trained to read and write? Why? students and military leaders so they could communicate while in battle.Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.
What is papyrus and how was it made? substrates made from reeds native to egypt. wet reeds are layed criss cross over each other, flattened and dried, and then rolled over with stones.

What is a substrate? A substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.

What were the Books of the Dead? scrolls for pharaohs with instructions and spells to help them find their way to the afterlife.

How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language? by the time the greeks and romans ruled egypt, few egyptians were able to read or write in them. those who could, disappeared and there was nobody left.Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.
What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered? Founded in Rosetta. examined in Cairo. It had the same inscriptions in three different languages.

What three languages are included on the stone? hieroglyphics, demotic, and greek

Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered? a chunk of the stone was missing and none of the texts were complete.

Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough? Jean Francois Champollion. he was able to match up the hieroglyphics symbols with the greek version of the name Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses.

Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance? we know a great deal about ancient Egyptians and Egyptian hieroglyphics. 

Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean? Artisans, they were advanced in writing and creative arts. They created Cuneiform writing

Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization? Sumer

What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate? Agriculture
Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).
Why was Cuneiform created? To help keep track of business deals between different cultures and to communicate

What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface? Clay was used to write on, they wet the clay, flatten it, then use wedge tools to carve into it

What did Cuneiform begin as a series of?  a series of pictures
Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped). 
















After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.


After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language? They adopted the sumerian culture

What is a pictograph? A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase

Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture? they could communicate with all different languages and cultures 

Assignment 14 "Inspiration"

I enjoy the use of words creating the over all picture and the color scheme.














This poster uses negative and positive space to create the image, I like the color as well and the simple yet detailed design.

This poster attracts my eye because you have
 to look at it more then once to figure out what it is.

Visual Organization

Eye movement- Not directing the audience through a design is misguiding them. Controlling eye movement within the composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency. The eye tends to gravitate towards areas of complexity, the eye is attracted towards faces and eyes. Light areas will attract the eye, especially when adjacent to something dark. Diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement.
Optical Center 


Font- 

1. no more then two fonts in one subject, or page
2. They should compliment each other
3. avoid uppercase or all caps
4. choose the right type of font
5. do not overuse fancy or complicated fonts

typography.com/email/2010-03/index.htm


Visual Hierarchy

• will establish a focal points based on their importance to the message
• establish order of elements, visual structure to help viewer absorb info provided by a design 
• to establish visual hierarchy ask yourself: 

1. What do I want my viewer to look at first?
2. What do I want my viewer to look at second.....third..ect. 
3. 
   

The Grid- a way of organizing content using margins and grid lines, rows and columns

• alignment
• instituted by Modernism
• breaks info into manageable chunks
• distinct set of alignment based relationships 

Cave Paintings | 35,000 years ago

What are cave paintings? detailed colorful representations found on the inside of cave ceilings and walls in Africa, Australia, China and Western Europe

Name several common themes found in cave paintings? large animals and human hands abstract patterns

How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)? made from mixing water, plant juice, animal blood, soil, charcoal and hematite a form of iron oxide. brushes were made from stick, stones, leaves and animal hair

What is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave. Lascaux, France in 1940 by four teenage boys

Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity? the paintings were being damages by carbon dioxide from the tourists. the French government created Lascaux 2 to satisfy the public a man made duplicate of the original

Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.

In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue? the red clay in the soil used to paint

Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be? Marceline Sanz de Sautuola and his daughter. the paintings were 19,000 years old

What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave. Chauvet-POINT ARC discovered in 1944 by Eliette Brunell Deschamps, Christian Hillaire and Marie Chauvet. 

What was different about the painting techniques at this site? Different techniques, 3D effevts, fossilized remains made into paint brushes

What is "speleology"? scientific study of caves and other karst features, their make-up, structure, physical properties, history, life forms

What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings? To tell a story or event, an instructional visual to teach about hunting, magical or religious reasons

Surrealism

This photo of surrealism was very eye catching to me, I had to take a second look. I think that it is very mystical and creative.

This photo of surrealism is beautiful. I love the color pallet used and it is simple yet still very captivating.